http://www.medycynasportowa.edu.plTable of contents Volume 27, 2011 Number 4.en-usCopyright 2012 by the Medycyna Sportowahttp://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/rssIndexCopernicus Journal Management System RSS GENERATORE-mail (Wieslaw Tomaszewskiwebmaster@www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl (ADM)Thu, 01 Dec 2011 00:00:00 ESThttp://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979543Over the past few years, research studies on reactive oxygen and nitrogen spe­cies (RONS) have became a part of intensively developing genomics and proteomics. They have concentrated on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO), and their roles in regulation of gene expression. Mechanisms of the processes are based on modulation of transcription factors activity through changes in cell redox status, S-nitrosylation reaction and/or production of second messangers such as cGMP. The effect of increased meta­bolic H2O2 and NO activity is manifested as a biogenesis of mitochondria, erythropoiesis, an­gio­genesis, elevated energy metabolism, antioxi­dants synthesis and inflammatory me­diators, proliferation and differentiation of muscle stem cells (satellite cells), transformation of muscle fibres etc. Nevertheless, loss of control of RONS generation by antioxidant me­cha­nisms, and lack of possibility of return to reducing conditions, destabilizes energetic processes, disrupts mitochondria work, inhibits differentiation of satellite cells and induces immunosuppression. It was observed that overproduction of RONS and oxidative stress are associated with overreaching and overtraining. In these situations, antioxidant supple­mentation is necessary to limit RONS level and restore an organism’s pro-antioxidant equilibrium. This work was designed to present current knowledge on RONS and their effects on cell signaling, muscle regeneration and reorganization, exercise and hypoxia adaptation as well as antioxidants’ use in sports nutrition. Agnieszka Zembroń-Łacny, Anna Kasperska, Joanna Ostapiuk- Karolczuk Review articlehttp://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979543http://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979548[b]Background.[/b] The study aimed to assess the hormonal and metabolic responses to the repeated anaerobic bouts undergone by handball players twice during their training period. [b]Material and methods.[/b] This study included 14 male handball players (age 22.9±0.91 years) who were examined at two terms of the training period characterized by various levels of physical activity, I examination (January – very high activity), II one (March – very low activity). Subjects underwent cycle ergometry exercise tests. Each of these two exertions consisted of four repeated, consecutive and maximal 15-second bouts (4 x 15sec) separated by 1-minute resting intervals. Selected biomechanical variables were recorded during each bout. Plasma growth hormone (GH), testosterone (T), cortisol (C) and post-exertion blood lactate (LA) levels were determined in samples taken prior to the test, and at 3 and 30 min after it. [b]Results.[/b] During II term of the study the cadence of pedaling was higher, but peak power, particularly in 4th bout was lower, Entire work output involving the sum work attained in four bouts was significantly higher in the II test (41.1±5.16 vs 39.5±5.12 kJ). During II test the hormonal and metabolic pre-test status and post-exertion responses, i. e. lower LA, C, and GH, but higher T levels and higher T/C ratio indicated somewhat more beneficial state during relative rest period compared to the previous one of higher sporting activity. [b]Conclusions. [/b]Standardized, repeated anaerobic bouts with blood tests during exercise test are useful tools for estimation of physiological profile and anaerobic capacity relating to various physical activities. Benedykt Henryk Opaszowski, Zbigniew Obmiński, Barbara Długołęcka, Ewa Jówko Original articlehttp://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979548http://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979556[b]Background.[/b] Blood lactate level (LA) is wildly used marker of intensity of short lasting effort in combat sport athletes. Majority of those studies focused on the observations conducted during an official match, but little is known about LA after sparing. We thought, that it is worth to compare post-exercise lactic acidosis and perceptual responses after an official fight and a sparing among the same male taekwondo contestants. [b]Material and methods.[/b] 18 male taekwondo contestants took part in taekwondo tournaments and in training session. To determine LA, capillary blood were sampled after warm-up to a first fight of tournament (OF) and within +3 and +30 minute and after the effort. The same timing of the sampling were during 2h training session, when the subjects played two sparing fights (SF 1st and SF 2rd) separated by 1h intermission. Directly after each event subjects rated their perceived of the effort (RPE) by visual analog scale. [b]Results.[/b] In all the cases LA significantly increased after the efforts and decreased after 0.5 reco­veries. An official contest induced significantly higher LA at any time points (+3min, +30min.). Mean PRE was significantly higher after OF (71.4±6.9) than those recorded after SF 1st (53.3±4.4) and SF 2nd 55.2±5.4). Interestingly, there were no differences in mean LA (+3 min) among 10 winners (13.1 nmol/L) and 8 losers (12.8 nmol/L), but winners demonstrated lower RPE (68.6±6.4) than losers (75.0±4.6). [b]Conclusions.[/b] Official taekwondo fight produced higher lactic acidosis compared to that after sparing. Winners demonstrated lower scores in RPE despite similar LA. Zbigniew Obmiński, Katarzyna Lerczak, Konrad Witek, Małgorzata Pintera, Wiesław Błach, Edyta Szczuka Original articlehttp://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979556http://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979568[b]Background. [/b]The aim of this study was to assess the level of global movement coordination in female dancers and rhythmic gymnasts as well as in girls not training and to determine the level of movement coordination in the left-handed girls of ballet schools. The work herewith attempts to determine the sensitive and critical periods in the development of movement coordination in girls and to identify the dominant direction of rotation. [b]Materials and methods.[/b] The study involved 53 girls training rhythmic gymnastics, 90 students from ballet schools and 15 professional dancers. The control group consisted of 87 girls. A total of 245 subjects were tested. Measurement of the global movement coordination was carried out using two test tasks and a coordination-meter of W. Starosta [1,2]. The reliability of the test was 0.99 [3]. [b]Results.[/b] The highest level of global movement coordination was featured by professional female dancers and ballet school students. The lowest level was featured by 7-11-year-old not training girls. Among the tested female ballet school students there were three of them who defined their left side of the body (arm and leg) as a dominating one. Each of them received in the test of Starosta W. higher results in the global movement coordination than the mean results for their age group (13, 15 and 16-year-old). The level of global movement coordination "rose" until the age of 15-17. After the age of 17 the level of movement coordination, "decreased" . In both test tasks, the test results of the execution of rotation to the right were higher in most girls and women practicing gymnastics and dance. [b]Conclusions.[/b] Left-handed ballet school students featured higher levels of global movement co­or­dination. Sensitive period of movement development was observed in studied girls between 7 and 10 years of age, whereas the critical period between 11 and 13 years of age. In the girls surveyed the dominant direction of rotation to the right was observed. These results may prove the effect of the movement discipline practiced on the dominant direction of rotation. Włodzimierz Starosta, Aleksandra Karpińska, Karolina Podciechowska Original articlehttp://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979568http://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979569[b]Background. [/b]One aspect of motor activity is the process of lateralization. This process occurs in the whole body and leads to lateralization or, in other words, asymmetry. Latera­lization is a regularity of human development and a prerequisite for effective activities in the environment. A specific study group for the evaluation of body lateralization are patients with hearing organ dysfunction. Hearing plays a very important role in the course of motor development. [brakowało tłumaczenia] The objective of the present investigation is to identify and compare the level of dynamic and functional asymmetry as in hearing-impaired girls and boys. The practical objective is to acquire and popularize knowledge on the investigated issues. [b]Material and methods.[/b] The research was carried out among children of 4th to 6th grade at primary school from three centres for the hearing-impaired children in Poland. Sixty subjects have undergone tests. The test for functional asymmetry direction and dynamic asymmetry size developed in Wrocław by Koszczyc and Sekita was used for measuring asymmetry. [b]Results.[/b] In the group of the hearing-impaired girls as well as boys the predominating direction in terms of handedness was the right direction, as regards eyedness the prevailing direction was left in girls and right direction in the group of boys, respectively, whereas in terms of footedness in both investigated groups an undetermined direction predominated. In the examined groups the unspecified profile of functional asymmetry prevailed. Both tested groups showed significant dynamic asymmetry in terms of the speed of upper and lower limbs and upper limb strength. [b]Conclusions.[/b] Among the hearing–impaired children it is necessary to stimulate latera­lization, the high level of which is a prerequisite for effective activities in their environment. It seems quite a noteworthy idea to compare the obtained results to the analogous results obtained among the hearing peers of the subjects. Marta Wieczorek Original articlehttp://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979569http://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979570[b]Background. [/b]Swimming is one of the most recommended forms of physical recreation for the disabled. The purpose of the study was to examine the presence of injuries and strains of disabled swimmers during active professional career. Collecting information contained in the study was possible owing to the analysis of contemporary literature and conducting the author's own research and observations both during training period and on men and women's sports competitions. [b]Material and methods.[/b] The research method is a survey prepared by the Sub-Department of Biological Restitution, Department of Physical Education of the Disabled, which was supposed to specify which strains and injuries athletes are subject to in their professional career during competitions and trainings. The research was carried out in June 2008 in Gorzów Wielkopolski where the championship of Poland in swimming took place. 86 athletes took part in the research: after amputation of lower limbs, with shortened limbs, with paraplegia, cerebral palsy and other dysfunctions including scoliosis, degeneration of the hip, brain trauma, forearm amputation. All athletes who participated in the research are members of „Start” sports clubs. [b]Results.[/b] Strains in swimming of the disabled occur more often during trainings than during competitions. Disabled swimmers suffer mainly from upper limb injuries (as much as 84%), 11% of athletes are affected by spine injuries, while only a few, 5%, are affected by lower limb injuries. In 81% of cases athletes received treatment directly after the injury or strain. The time of treatment in most cases was 3 or 4 months, which constitutes 46%. [b]Conclusions. [/b]The obtained research results suggest that athletes are subject to strains and injuries throughout their entire professional career. Injuries sustained during trainings are definitely much more often (as much as 89%), and injuries sustained during competitions affect 11% of athletes. Tetyana Prystupa, Bartosz Bolach Original articlehttp://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979570http://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979571[b]Background. [/b]The aim of this work was to exam the lifestyle of PE Academy graduates and individuals belonging to Wielkopolska ruling elite. [b]Material and methods.[/b] The material basis for this work consisted of research conducted on men –PE Academy graduates and individuals from Wielkopolska ruling elite. The men studied were university graduate, aged between 40 and 60 years. In the analysis of data, con­sideration was taken on the behavior related to health such as nutritional status (body weight, waist circumference, BMI (Body-Mass Index) in­dex, WHtR (Waist-to-Height Ratio) index), use of health precautions, self-assessment as to the state of health and physical fitness as well as number of cigarettes smoked per day if any. Data used to compare graduates with the ruling elite were analyzed using basic statistical methods. U Mann-Whitney test was used for quantitative varia­bles while chi-square test was used for categorized variables. [b]Results.[/b] Beneficial health precautions, good physiological and biochemical blood para­meters, high self-assessment of state of one’s health and physical fitness are the parameters used to differentiate the researched group. There was relatively smaller percentage of men with abdominal fatness (over nutrition) or smoking. There were more graduates leading unhealthy lifestyle than among the elite. [b]Conclusions. [/b]Age and education are better determinants of healthy lifestyle than occupa­tional qualifications, these characteristics significantly determine the choice of healthy beha­viors, superseding any professional qualification. This is particularly true for PE Academy graduates. Anna Demuth, Urszula Czerniak Original articlehttp://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979571http://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979572[b]Background.[/b] The aim of the study was to present the practical using of pedometer in everyday life to plan own physical activity. [b]Material and methods.[/b] 33 adult men aged 45-64 years old (the average age: 51.53± 6.24 years) citizens of Lodz were subjected to the study. Before the study there were conducted the basic anthropometric measurements, which were used to count body mass index BMI. Physical activity and energy expenditure were measured by pedometer Yamax Digi-Walker SW-700, which has step counter, distance counter and calories counter, which count the energy expenditure on physical activity. Every man was obliged to wear the pedometer for 7 days all the time excepting the time for sleep. [b]Results.[/b] The average amount of steps was 6147 steps/day (±4246 steps/day) and energy expenditure 259.75 kcal/day (±196.84 kcal/day). Consequently, the energy expen­di­ture necessary to do one step is 0,04 kcal. The higher person’s BMI (the average BMI in the sample: 28.62±6.69 kg/m2), the higher energy expenditure. However, energy expenditure necessary for one step did not exceed 0.06 kcal. [b]Conclusions. [/b]The average energy expenditure produced during 1 step is between 0.04 and 0.06 kcal (±0.014 kcal). According to that, to burn 1 kcal it is necessary to do about 23 steps. The recommended daily number of steps is 10 000 steps/day, so energy expenditure on the level of 400 to 600 kcal/day (±141.42 kcal/day). Anna Lipert, Anna Jegier Short communicationhttp://www.medycynasportowa.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=979572